本书综合而全面地介绍计算机系统分析与设计方法。共分为四个部分。第一部分介绍信息系统开发的概念和过程。第二部分涵盖了生命周期前期活动、工具和技术。第三部分涵盖了生命周期中期活动、工具和技术。第四部分通过纵览生命周期后期活动，透视系统分析和设计工作。

计算机\软件工程

《系统分析与设计方法》一书是系统分析与设计方面的一本优秀教材，被众多院校采用作为教材。本书是作者应广大师生的要求，在该书第7版的基础上改编而成的，更强调系统概念。
　 本书详细阐述面向对象系统分析和设计技术。作者通过融入基于UML的面向对象分析和设计技术，对现代概念、工具、技术以及应用等各方面内容进行了很好的平衡。本书提供了市场上可用的、丰富的系统分析和设计的实例。

（美）Jeffrey L. Whitten；Lonnie D. Bentley 著：Jeffrey L．Whitten美国普度大学计算机技术系主任兼教授，曾两次荣获James G．Dwyer最佳教师奖。自1984年任教授后，他开始编著《系统分析与设计方法》一书，目前已经出版到第7版。该书长期位子同类书销售排行榜第1名，被700多所学校采纳作为教材。Whitten教授是多个学术组织的活跃成员，其中包括：信息技术专业学会(ATP)、信息系统学会(AIS)，计算机学会(ACM)、信息管理协会(SIM)等。 Lonnie D．Bentley美国普度大学计算机技术系教授，主要教学和研究领域包括：系统分析和设计，企业应用系统。业务过程重构、计算机辅助软件工程(CASE)，快速应用开发(RAD)和图形用户界面设计。

Preface　　iv
P A R T　 O N E
The Context of Systems Development Projects 3
1　THE CONTEXT OF SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN METHODS　 4
Introduction　　5
The Product—Information System　　5
The People—System Stakeholders　　7
Systems Owners　 7
Systems Users　　7
Systems Designers　　9
Systems Builders　　9
Systems Analysts　　10
External Service Providers　　10
The Project Manager　　10
Business Drivers for Today’s Information Systems　　11
Globalization of the Economy　　11
Electronic Commerce and Business　　11
Security and Privacy　　14
Collaboration and Partnership　　14
Knowledge Asset Management　　15
Continuous Improvement and Total Quality
Management　　15
Business Process Redesign　　16
Technology Drivers for Today’s Information Systems　　16
Networks and the Internet　　16
Mobile and Wireless Technologies　　18
Object Technologies　　18
Collaborative Technologies　　19
Enterprise Applications　　19
The Process—System Development Process　　23
System Initiation　　25
System Analysis　　25
System Design　　26
System Implementation　　26
System Support and Continuous Improvement　　27
2　INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT　 00
Introduction　　35
The Process of Systems Development　　35
The Capability Maturity Model　　35
Life Cycle versus Methodology　　37
Underlying Principles for Systems Development　　38
A Systems Development Process　　41
Where Do Systems Development Projects Come From 　　41
The Systems Development Phases　　43
Cross Life-Cycle Activities　　52
Sequential versus Iterative
Development　　54
Alternative Routes and Strategies　　54
The Model-Driven Development Strategy　　57
The Rapid Application Development Strategy　　60
The Commercial Application Package Implementation Strategy　　62
Hybrid Strategies　　65
System Maintenance　　65
Automated Tools and Technology　　68
Computer-Assisted Systems Engineering　　68
Application Development Environments　　71
Process and Project Managers　　71
3　PROJECT MANAGEMENT　 78
Introduction　　79
What Is Project Management 　　79
The Causes of Failed Projects　　80
The Project Management Body of Knowledge　　83
The Project Management Life Cycle　　87
Activity 1—Negotiate Scope　　89
Activity 2—Identify Tasks　　89
Activity 3—Estimate Task Durations　　91
Activity 4—Specify Intertask Dependencies　　93
Activity 5—Assign Resources　　94
Activity 6—Direct the Team Effort　　98
Activity 7—Monitor and Control Progress　　99
Activity 8—Assess Project Results and
Experiences　　107
P A R T　 T W O
Systems Analysis Methods 115
4　SYSTEMS ANALYSIS　 116
Introduction　　117
What Is Systems Analysis 　　117
Systems Analysis Approaches　　118
Model-Driven Analysis Approaches　　118
Accelerated Systems Analysis Approaches　　120
Requirements Discovery Methods　　122
Business Process Redesign Methods　　123
Systems Analysis Strategies　　123
The Scope Definition Phase　　123
Task 1.1—Identify Baseline Problems and
Opportunities　　124
Task 1.2—Negotiate Baseline Scope　　127
Task 1.3—Assess Baseline Project Worthiness　　127
Task 1.4—Develop Baseline Schedule and Budget　　128
Task 1.5—Communicate the Project Plan　　128
The Problem Analysis Phase　　129
Task 2.1—Understand the Problem Domain　　129
Task 2.2—Analyze Problems and Opportunities　　133
Task 2.3—Analyze Business Processes　　133
Task 2.4—Establish System Improvement Objectives　　135
Task 2.5—Update or Refine the Project Plan　　135
Task 2.6—Communicate Findings and Recommendations　　136
The Requirements Analysis Phase　　137
Task 3.1—Identify and Express System Requirements　　138
Task 3.2—Prioritize System Requirements　　139
Task 3.3—Update or Refine the Project Plan　　140
Task 3.4—Communicate the Requirements Statement　　140
Ongoing Requirements Management　　140
The Logical Design Phase　　140
Task 4.1a—Structure Functional Requirements　　141
Task 4.1b—Prototype Functional Requirements(alternative)　　142
Task 4.2—Validate Functional Requirements　　142
Task 4.3—Define Acceptance Test Cases　　142
The Decision Analysis Phase　　143
Task 5.1—Identify Candidate Solutions　　143
Task 5.2—Analyze Candidate Solutions　　144
Task 5.3—Compare Candidate Solutions　　146
Task 5.4—Update the Project Plan　　146
Task 5.5—Recommend a System Solution　　147
5　FACT-FINDING TECHNIQUES FOR REQUIREMENTS DISCOVERY　 154
Introduction　　155
An Introduction to Requirements Discovery　　155
The Process of Requirements Discovery　　157
Problem Discovery and Analysis　　157
Requirements Discovery　　158
Documenting and Analyzing
Requirements　　158
Requirements Management　　159
Fact-Finding Techniques 160
Sampling of Existing Documentation, Forms, and Files　　160
Research and Site Visits　　162
Observation of the Work Environment　　163
Questionnaires　　164
Interviews　　166
How to Conduct an Interview　　167
Discovery Prototyping　　171
Joint Requirements Planning　　172
A Fact-Finding Strategy　　176
6　MODELING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS WITH USE CASES　 183
Introduction　　184
An Introduction to Use-Case Modeling　　184
System Concepts for Use-Case Modeling　　185
Use Cases　　186
Actors　　186
Relationships　　187
The Process of Requirements Use-Case Modeling　　190
Step 1: Identify Business Actors　　190
Step 2: Identify Business Requirements Use Cases　　190
Step 3: Construct Use-Case Model Diagram　　194
Step 4: Document Business Requirements Use-Case Narratives　　195
Use Cases and Project Management　　199
Ranking and Evaluating Use Cases　　199
Identifying Use-Case Dependencies 200
7　DATA MODELING AND ANALYSIS　 206
Introduction　　207
What Is Data Modeling 　　207
System Concepts for Data Modeling　　208
Entities　　208
Attributes　　209
Relationships　　212
The Process of Logical Data Modeling　　220
Strategic Data Modeling　　220
Data Modeling during Systems
Analysis　　222
Looking Ahead to Systems Design　　222
Automated Tools for Data Modeling　　223
How to Construct Data Models　　225
Entity Discovery　　225
The Context Data Model　　226
The Key-Based Data Model　　228
Generalized Hierarchies　　231
The Fully Attributed Data Model　　231
Analyzing the Data Model　　234
What Is a Good Data Model 　　234
Data Analysis　　235
Normalization Example　　235
Mapping Data Requirements to Locations　　243
8　PROCESS MODELING　 249
Introduction　　250
An Introduction to Process Modeling　　250
System Concepts for Process Modeling　　252
External Agents　　252
Data Stores　　253
Process Concepts　　253
Data Flows　　258
The Process of Logical Process Modeling　　266
How to Construct Process Models　　269
The Context Data Flow Diagram　　270
The Functional Decomposition Diagram　　271
The Event-Response or Use-Case List　　272
Event Decomposition Diagrams　　275
Event Diagrams　　276
The System Diagram(s)　　278
Primitive Diagrams　　279
Completing the Specification　　279
9　OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND MODELING USING THE UML　 293
An Introduction to Object-Oriented Modeling　　294
System Concepts for Object Modeling　　294
Objects, Attributes, Methods, and
Encapsulation　　294
Classes, Generalization, and
Specialization　　296
Object Class Relationships　　299
Messages and Message Sending　　300
Polymorphism　　303
The UML Diagrams　　304
The Process of Object Modeling 306
Modeling the Functional Description of the System　　306
Constructing the Analysis Use-Case Model　　306
Modeling the Use-Case Activities　　309
Guidelines for Constructing Activity Diagrams　　314
Drawing System Sequence Diagrams　　317
Guidelines for Constructing System Sequence Diagrams　　319
Finding and Identifying the Business Objects　　319
Organizing the Objects and Identifying Their Relationships　　324
10 FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS AND THE SYSTEM PROPOSAL　 334
Introduction　　335
Feasibility Analysis and the System Proposal　　335
Feasibility Analysis—A Creeping Commitment
Approach　　335
Systems Analysis—Scope Definition
Checkpoint　　337
Systems Analysis—Problem Analysis
Checkpoint　　337
Systems Design—Decision Analysis
Checkpoint　　337
Six Tests for Feasibility　　338
Operational Feasibility　　338
Technical Feasibility　　338
Schedule Feasibility　　339
Economic Feasibility　　339
Cost-Benefit Analysis Techniques　　339
How Much Will the System Cost 　　339
What Benefits Will the System Provide 　　340
Is the Proposed System Cost-Effective 　　342
Feasibility Analysis of Candidate Systems　　346
Candidate Systems Matrix　　346
Feasibility Analysis Matrix　　349
The System Proposal　　351
Written Report　　351
Formal Presentation　　352
P A R T　 T H R E E
Systems Design Methods 363
11 SYSTEMS DESIGN　 364
Introduction　　365
What Is Systems Design 　　365
Systems Design Approaches　　365
Model-Driven Approaches　　366
Rapid Application Development　　370
Systems Design Strategies　　370
Systems Design for In-House Development—The “Build” Solution　　372
Task 5.1—Design the Application
Architecture　　372
Task 5.2—Design the System Database(s)　　372
Task 5.3—Design the System Interface　　376
Task 5.4—Package Design
Specifications　　377
Task 5.5—Update the Project Plan　　378
Systems Design for Integrating Commercial
Software—The “Buy” Solution　　378
Task 4.1—Research Technical Criteria and Options　　381
Task 4.2—Solicit Proposals or Quotes from Vendors　　382
Task 5A.1—Validate Vendor Claims and Performances　　382
Task 5A.2—Evaluate and Rank VendorxxxxProposals　　384
Task 5A.3—Award (or Let) Contract and
Debrief Vendors　　384
Impact of Buy Decision on Remaining Life-Cycle Phases　　385
12 APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE AND MODELING　 391
Introduction　　392
Application Architecture　　392
Physical Data Flow Diagrams　　393
Physical Processes　　393
Physical Data Flows 396
Physical External Agents　　398
Physical Data Stores　　398
Information Technology Architecture　　399
Distributed Systems　　399
Data Architectures—Distributed Relational Databases　　407
Interface Architectures—Inputs, Outputs, and Middleware　　409
Process Architectures—The Software Development Environment　　414
Modeling the Application Architecture of an Information System 416
Drawing Physical Data Flow Diagrams　　416
The Network Architecture　　417
Data Distribution and Technology Assignments　　418
Process Distribution and Technology Assignments　　420
The Person/Machine Boundaries　　420
13 DATABASE DESIGN 429
Introduction　　430
Database Concepts for the Systems Analyst　　430
Fields　　430
Records　　431
Files and Tables　　432
Databases　　432
Prerequisite for Database Design— Normalization 438
Modern Database Design　　438
Goals and Prerequisites to Database Design　　439
The Database Schema　　439
Data and Referential Integrity　　444
Roles　　447
Database Distribution and Replication　　447
Database Prototypes　　448
Database Capacity Planning　　448
Database Structure Generation　　448
14 OUTPUT DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING　 454
Introduction　　455
Output Design Concepts and Guidelines　　455
Distribution and Audience of Outputs　　455
Implementation Methods for Outputs　　458
How to Design and Prototype Outputs　　463
Automated Tools for Output Design and
Prototyping　　463
Output Design Guidelines　　466
The Output Design Process　　466
Web-Based Outputs and E-Business　　474
15 INPUT DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING　 483
Introduction　　484
Input Design Concepts and Guidelines　　484
Data Capture, Data Entry, and Data Processing　　484
Input Methods and Implementation　　487
System User Issues for Input Design　　489
Internal Controls—Data Editing for Inputs　　491
GUI Controls for Input Design　　492
Common GUI Controls for Inputs　　494
Advanced Input Controls　　498
How to Design and Prototype Inputs　　500
Automated Tools for Input Design and Prototyping　　500
The Input Design Process　　501
Web-Based Inputs and E-Business　　507
16 USER INTERFACE DESIGN　 513
Introduction　　514
User Interface Design Concepts and Guidelines　　514
Types of Computer Users　　514
Human Factors　　515
Human Engineering Guidelines　　516
Dialogue Tone and Terminology　　517
User Interface Technology　　517
Operating Systems and Web Browsers　　517
Display Monitor　　518
Keyboards and Pointers　 518
Graphical User Interface Styles and Considerations　　519
Windows and Frames　　519
Menu-Driven Interfaces　　520
Instruction-Driven Interfaces　　526
Question-Answer Dialogues　　527
Special Considerations for User Interface Design　　529
How to Design and Prototype a User Interface　　533
Automated Tools for User Interface Design and Prototyping　　533
The User Interface Design Process　　533
17 OBJECT-ORIENTED DESIGN AND MODELING USING THE UML　 544
Introduction　　545
The Design of an Object-Oriented System　　545
Entity Classes　　545
Interface Classes　　545
Control Classes　　546
Persistence Classes　　546
System Classes　　546
Design Relationships　　547
Attribute and Method Visibility　　547
Object Responsibilities　　548
The Process of Object-Oriented Design　　549
Refining the Use-Case Model　　549
Modeling Class Interactions, Behaviors, and States That Support the　Use-Case Scenario　　551
Updating the Object Model to Reflect the Implementation Environment　　560
P A R T　 F O U R
Beyond Systems Analysis and Design 567
18 SYSTEMS CONSTRUCTION AND IMPLEMENTATION　 568
Introduction　　569
What Is Systems Construction and Implementation 　　569
The Construction Phase 569
Task 6.1—Build and Test Networks(if Necessary)　　569
Task 6.2—Build and Test Databases　　572
Task 6.3—Install and Test New Software
Packages (if Necessary)　　572
Task 6.4—Write and Test New Programs　　573
The Implementation Phase　　574
Task 7.1—Conduct System Test　　574
Task 7.2—Prepare Conversion Plan　　574
Task 7.3—Install Databases　　577
Task 7.4—Train Users　　577
Task 7.5—Convert to New System　　578
Photo Credits　　584
Glossary/Index　　585