This book is intended for both a professional and an academic audience. For the professional interested in this field. the book serves as a basic reference volume and is suitable for self-study.
　　As a textbook, it is suitable for an advanced undergraduate or graduate course.The book treats a number of advanced topics and provides a brief survey of the required elementary topics. After Parts One and Two, the parts are relatively independent. Fewer parts could be covered for a shorter course, and the parts can be covered in any order.

High-speed networks now dominate both the wide-area network (WAN) and local area network (LAN) markets. In the WAN market, two related trends have appeared. Public and private data networks have evolved from packetswitching networks in the 10s and 100s of kbps, to frame relay networks operating at up to 2 Mbps. and now to asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks operating at 155 Mbps or more. For the Internet and private corporate internets. data rates have also soared, with one noteworthy milestone being the construction of a 155-Mbps backbone in 1996.
　　For many years, the most common LAN was the 10-Mbps shared Ethernet. Then came the switched Ethernet, which offers a dedicated 10 Mbps to each end system. This was followed by Fast Ethernet at 100 Mbps and now Gigabit Ethernet and 10-Gbps Ethernet. Recent years have also seen the introduction of Fibre Channel LANs with speeds up to 3.2 Gbps and wireless LANs with speeds up to 54 Mbps.
　　This rapid introduction of high-speed networks has spurred the development of new applications and has in turn been driven by the popularity of those applications. Key driving forces have been the increasing use of still image and video data in applications and the popularity of the World Wide Web.
　　
OBJECTIVES
　　High-speed networks, including gigabit networks, form the focus of the book.Design issues related to two types of networks occupy our attention: internets based on the Internet Protocol (IP) and the entire TCP/IP protocol suite, and ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) networks. These two networking technologies dominate the high-speed scene and share many common design approaches.
　　The objective of this book is to provide an up-to-date survey of developments in this area. Central problems that confront the network designer are the need to support multimedia and real-time traffic, the need to control congestion, and the need to provide different levels of quality of service (QoS) to different applications

INTENDED AUDIENCE
　　This book is intended for both a professional and an academic audience. For the professional interested in this field. the book serves as a basic reference volume and is suitable for self-study.
　　As a textbook, it is suitable for an advanced undergraduate or graduate course.The book treats a number of advanced topics and provides a brief survey of the required elementary topics. After Parts One and Two, the parts are relatively independent. Fewer parts could be covered for a shorter course, and the parts can be covered in any order.
　　
PLAN OF THE BOOK
　　The book is divided into seven parts:
　　Part One. Background: Provides a brief survey of fundamental principles,with coverage of TCP/IP and internetworking.
　　Part Two. High-Speed Networks: Provides an overview of frame relay networks, ATM networks, and high-speed LANs.
　　Part Three. Performance Modeling and Estimation: The modeling of traffic now is important both for network design and configuration and for the request of network services. This part provides a tutorial on the use of queuing analysis to model throughput, delay, and buffer requirements. There is increasing evidence that much of the traffic on high-speed networks is selfsimilar, for which the traditional queuing analysis does not apply. The nature of self-similar traffic, and modeling approaches, are examined.
　　Part Four. Congestion and Traffic Management: Begins with a discussion of congestion control issues and design approaches for networks and internets.The relatively simple case of link level.now control is used to introduce issues of end-to-end now control. This part then parameters and techniques used by TCP to achieve high throughput and to manage congestion. Finally, the part deals with traffic management and congestion control in ATM networks
　　Part Five. Internet Routing: Covers the majoring distance-vector, link-state, and path-vector routing. And examines multicast routing.
　　Part Six. Quality of Service in IP Networks: Within an IP-based network.techniques are needed to control congestion and to provide the desired QoS to active applications. This part surveys those techniques, beginnina with a discussion of integrated and differentiated services. Then, important protocols that relate to QoS are examined. including RSVP, MLPS, and RTP
　　Part Seven. Compression: Covers both lossless and lossy compression techniques.
　　In addition, the book includes an extensive glossary, a list of frequently used acronyms, and a bibliography. Each chapter includes problems. suggestions for further reading, and pointers to relevant Web sites.
　　There is a Web page for this book that provides support for students and instructors. The page inclades links to relevant sites, "transparency masters offigures and tables in the book in PDF (Adobe Acrobat) format, PowerPoint slides. and sign-up information for the book's internet mailing list. The Web page is at WilliamStallings.com/HsNet2e.html; see Chapter 1 for more detans. An Internet mailing list has been set up so that instructors using this book can exchange information, suggestions, and questions with each other and with the author. As soon as typos or other errors are discovered, an errata list for tkis book will be available at
WilliamStallings.com. Finally, I maintain the Computer Science Student Resource Site at WilliamStallings.com/StudentSupport.html.
　　The book includes a description of Sockets (Appendix B), and the instructor's manual includes a set of programming projects. The appendix includes a concise overview of Sockets, a discussion of the importance of this facility and a short primer on how to use Sockets, as well as pointers for getting more information on the Web.Sockets programming is an "easy" topic and one that can resnlt in very satisfying hands-on projects for stadents.
　　In the four years since the first edition of this book was published. the field has seen continued innovations and improvements. In this edition. I try to caoture these changes while maintaining a broad and comprehensive coverage of the entire field.To begin the process of reyision, the first　edition of this book was extensively reviewed by a number of professors who teach the subject and by professionals working in the field. The result is that, in many places, the narrative has been clarified and tightened, and illustrations have been improved. Also, a number of new "field-tested" problems have been added.
　　Beyond these rerinements to improve pedagogy and user friendliness, the technical content of the book has been updated throughout, to refiect the ongoing changes in this exciting field. In addition, the book has been reorganized to provide a better grouping of toplcs. Some of the most noteworthy changes are the following:
　　Coagestion control: A separate chapter is now devoted to this topic. This anified presentation clarifies the issues involved.
　　Differentiated services: There have been snbstantial developments since the publication of the first edition in enhancements to the Internet to support a variety of multimedia and time-sensitive traffic. The most impoTtant development, and perhaps the most impoTtant vehicle for providing QoS in IP-based networks is differentiated services (DS). This edition pTovides thorough coverage of DS.
　　Guaranteed frame rate (GFR): Since the first edition, a new ATM service has been standardized: GFR. GFR is designed specifically to suppon IP backbone subnetworks. This edition provides an explanation of GFR and examines the mechanisms underlying the GFR service.
　　Multiprotocel label slvitching (MPLS): MPLS has emerged as a fundamentally important technology in the Internet and is covered in this edition.
　　TCP/IP details: A new background chapter on TCP and IP has been added,pulling together material scattered throughout tbe first edition. This material is vital to an nnderstanding of QoS and performance issues in IP-based networks.
　　Higk.speed LANs: The chapter on high-speed LANs has been extensively updated and revised. The material on Ethernet now includes I0-Gbps Ethernet. The chapter now covers Fibre Channel and high-speed wireless LANs.
　　Frame relay: Despite the importance and growing acceptance of ATM, frame relay remains the most widely used kigh-speed WAN technology. Accordingly, the coverage of the frame relay protocol and frame relay congestion control is expanded in this edition.
　　Wavelet compression: Wavelet compression has become increasingly popular and is covered in this edition.
　　This new edition has benefited from review by a number of people, who gave generously of their time and expertise. The of the manuscript: Chunming Qiao (SUNY-Buffalo), Ken Christensen (U. of South Florida), George Polyzoa (UC-SanDiego),Ying Sun (U. of Rhode Island), and George Scheets (Oklahoma State).
　　Thanks also to the many people provided detailed technical reviews of a single chapter: David Bunde. Dan Li, Ian Sutherland, Wei Zhou. Marc Timme,Brian Borchers, Balbir Singh, Dean Newton, Paul A. Watters, Peter Rabinovitch,Stephen Campbell-Robson, Roger L. Bagula, Diet Ostry, Lars Kristensen, San Skulrattanakulchai. Lieven Marchand, Robert Kolter, Chris Pollett, and Stefan Katzenbeisser.
　　Thanks also to Dean Newton, who developed the PowerPoint slides for the book. and Zornitza Genova, who provided the material on Sockets and the Sockets programming projects.
　　Also, I would like to acknowledge those who contributed homework problems:Ahmed A-G Helmy (University of Southern California) and Franklin Mendivil(University of Waterloo).
　　Finally, I would like to thank the many people respbnsible for the publication of the book, all of whom did their usual excellent job. This includes the staff at Prentice Hall, particularly my editors Toni Holm and Alan Apt and production manager Rose Kernan. Also, Jake Warde of Warde Publishers managed the supplements and reviews; Joanna V. Pomeranz, at V&M managed the book's printing;and Patricia M. Daly did the copy editing.
　　With all this assistance, little remains for which I can take full credit. However,I am proud to say that, with no help whatsoever, I selected all of the quotations.

CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.l A Brief Networking History
l.2 The Need for Speed and Quality of Service
l.3 Advanced TCP/IP and ATM Networks
l.4 Outline of the Book
Appendix 1A Internet and Web Resources
CHAPTER 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
2.l The Need for a Protocol Architecture
2.2 The TCP/IP Protocol Arcbitecture
2.3 The OSI Model
2.4 Internetworking
2.5 Recommended Reading and Web Site
2.6 Problems
CHAPTBR 3 TCP and IP 7
3.l Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
3.2 User Datagram Protocol
3.3 The Internet Protocol (IP)
3.4 IPv6
3.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
3.6 Problems
PART TWO HIGH-SPEED NETWORKS
CHAPTER 4 Frame Relay
4.l Packet-Switching Networks
4.2 Frame Relay Networks
4.3 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
4.4 Problems
CHAPTER 5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode
5.l ATM Protocol Architecture
5.2 ATM Logical Connections
5.3 ATM Cells
5.4 ATM Service Categories
5.5 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
5.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
5.7 Problems
CHAPTER 6 High-Speed LANs
6.l The Emergence of High-Speed LANs
6.2 Ethernet
6.3 Fibre Channel
6.4 Wireless LANs
6.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
6.6 Problems
PART THRXE PERFO
AND ESTIMATION
CHAPTER 7 Overvielv of Probability, and Stochastic Process
7.l Probability
7.2 Random Variables
7.3 Stochastic Processes
7.4 Recommended Reading and Web Site
7.5 Problems
CHAPTER 8 Queuing Analysis
8.l How Oueues Behave-A Simple Example
8.2 Why Queuing Analysis
8.3 Queuing Models
8.4 Single-Server Queues
8.5 Multiserver Queues
8.6 Examples
8.7 Queues with Priorities
8.8 Networks of Queues
8.9 Other Queuing Models
8.10 Estimating Model Parameters
8.11 Recommended Reading and Web Site
8.12 Problems
CHAPTER 9 Self-Similar Traffic
9.1 Self-Similarity
9.2 Self-Similar Data Traffic
9.3 Examples of Self-Similar Data Traffic
9.4 Performance Implications of Self-Similarity
9.5 Modeling and Estimation of Self-Similar Data Traffic
9.6 Recommended Reading and Web Site
9.7 Problems
Appendix 9A The Hurst Sclf-Similarity Parameter
PART FOUR CONGESTION AND TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER IO Congestion Control in Data Networks and Internets
IO.I Effects of Congestion
IO.2 Congestion and Control
IO.3 Traffic Management
IO.4 Congestion Control in Packet-Switching Networks
IO.5 Frame Relay Congestion Control
IO.6 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
IO.7 Problems
CHAPTER Il Link-Level Flow and Error Control
II.l The Need for Flow and Error Control
Il.2 Link Control Mechanisms
Il.3 ARQ Performance
II.4 Recommended Reading
l1.5 Problems
Appendix IIA High-Level Data Link Control
CHAPTER 12 TCP Traffic Control
12.l TCP Flow Control
12.2 TCP Congestion Control
12.3 Performance of TCP Over ATM
12.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
12.5 Problems
CHAPTER 13 Traffic and Congestior Control in ATM Networks
13.l Requirements for ATM Traffic and
Congestion Control
13.2 ATM Traffic-Related Attributes
13.3 Traffic Management Framework
13.4 Traffic Control
13.5 ABR Traffic Management
13.6 OFR Traffic Management
13.7 Recommended Reading
13.8 Problems
PART FIVE INTERNET ROUTING
CHAPTER 14 Overview of Graph Theory and Least-Cost Paths
14.I Elementary Concepts of Graph Theory
14.2 Shortest Path Length Determination
14.3 Recommended Reading
14.4 Problems
CHAPTER 15 Interior Routing Protocols
15.l Internet Routing Principles
15.2 Distance-Vector Protocol: RIP
15.3 Link-State Protocol: OSPF .
15.4 Recommended Reading and Web Site
15.5 Problems
CHAPTER 16 Exterior Routing Protocols and Multicast
16.l Path-Vector Protocols: BGP and IDRP
16.2 Multicasting
16.3 Recommended Reading and Web Site
16.4 Problems
PART SIX QUALITY OF SERVICE
IN IP NETWORRS
CHAPTER 17 Integrated and Differentiated Services
17.l Integrated Services Architecture (ISA)
17.2 Queuing Discipline
17.3 Random Early Detection
17.4 Differentiated Services
17.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
17.6 Problems
Appendix 17A Real-Time Traffic
CHAPTER 18 Protocols for QoS Support
18.l Resource Reservation: RSVP
18.2 Multiprotocol Label Switching
18.3 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)
18.4 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
18.5 Problems
PART SEVEN COMPRESSION
CHAPTER 19 Overview of Information Theory
19.l Information and Entropy
19.2 Coding
19.3 Recommended Reading
19.4 Problems
CHAPTER 20 Lossless Compression
20.l Run-Length Encoding Techniques
20.2 Facsimile Compression
20.3 Arithmetic Coding
20.4 String-Matching Algorithms
20.5 Recommended Reading and Web Site
20.6 Problems
CHAPTER 21 Lossy Compression
21.l Discrete Cosine Transform
21.2 Wavelet Compression
21.3 JPEG Image Compression
21.4 MPEG Video Compression
21.5 Recommended Reading and Web Sites
21.6 Problems
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A Standards and Standards-Setting Organizations
A.l The Importance of Standards
A.2 Standards and Regulation
A.3 Internet Standards and the Internet
Society
A.4 The International Telecommunications Union
A.5 IEEE 802 Standards
APPENDIX B Sockets
B.l Versions of Sockets
B.2 Sockets, Socket Descriptors, Ports, and Connection
B.3 The Client/Server Model of Communication
B.4 Sockets Elements
B.5 Stream and Datagram Sockets
B.6 Run-Time Program Control
B.7 Remote Execution of a Windows Console Application
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES
INDEX